References

These are the works that were used for the information of this site. Unless otherwise specified, the author is always J. R. R. Tolkien. For references to specific samples of Tengwar, I usually employ the Mellonath Daeron Index of Tengwar Specimina.

• ACE — Carl F. Hostetter and Patrick H. Wynne, “Addenda and Corrigenda to the Etymologies” in Vinyar Tengwar ##45 (Part One) and 46 (Part Two)
• AAm — “The Annals of Aman” in Morgoth’s Ring: The History of Middle-earth vol. 10
• AppB — “Appendix B: The Tale of Years” in The Lord of the Rings
• AppE — “Appendix E: Writing and Spelling” in The Lord of the Rings
• AR — “Appendix on Runes” in The Treason of Isengard: The History of Middle-earth vol. 7
• DM — “Of Dwarves and Men” in The Peoples of Middle-earth: The History of Middle-earth vol. 12
• EHFN — “Eldarin Hands, Fingers & Numerals and Related Writings” in Vinyar Tengwar ##47 (Part One) and 48 (Part Two)
• Etym — “The Etymologies” in The Lost Road and Other Writings: The History of Middle-earth vol. 5
• FQD — “From Quendi and Eldar, Appendix D” in Vinyar Tengwar #39
• LQS — “The Later Quenta Silmarillion” in Morgoth’s Ring: The History of Middle-earth vol. 10
• LRRC — Wayne G. Hammond and Christina Scull, The Lord of the Rings: A Reader’s Companion
• OP — “Outline of Phonology” in Parma Eldalamberon #19
• Pictures — Pictures by J.R.R. Tolkien
• QE — “Quendi and Eldar” in The War of the Jewels: The History of Middle-earth vol. 11
• QS — David Salo, “Quenya Spelling”
• SDT — Arden R. Smith, “The Subscript Dot: A New Tehta Usage” in Vinyar Tengwar #25
• SF — “The Shibboleth of Fëanor” in The Peoples of Middle-earth: The History of Middle-earth vol. 12
• TPF — Arden R. Smith, “The Túrin Prose Fragment: An Analysis of a Rúmilian Document” in Vinyar Tengwar #37
• WPP — “Words, Phrases and Passages in various tongues in The Lord of the Rings” in Parma Eldalamberon #17

Sarati Specimina

All Sarati documents that are publicly available have been published in two issues of the journal Parma Eldalamberon. On this site I frequently refer to specific Sarati texts by their abbreviations in these publications. For convenience, I here give the list of these specimina as published (with shelf-marks for items in the Bodleian Library, Oxford).

In Parma Eldalamberon 13

• R1: Túrin Prose Fragment and Table of Rúmilian Letters (Tolkien S1 (VII) fol. 15 r/v)
• R2: Túrin Verse Fragment (Tolkien A20/4 fol. 53v, 167v)
• R3: Table of Rúmilian Letters (Tolkien A20/4 fol. 160v, 247v, 158v, 159v)
• R4: Table of Rúmilian Letters (Tolkien A20/4 fol. 38v, 265v, 87v; 265r)
• R5: Rúmilian Doodles (Tolkien A29/1 fol. 40v)
• R6: Table of Rúmilian Letters (Tolkien A20/4 fol. 270v, 359v)
• R7: Table of Rúmilian Usage in the Diary
• R8: Table of “Gondolic Script” (January 1921)
• R9: Table of “Rúmil’s Alphabet” (October 1921)
• R10: Table of “Rúmil’s Alphabet” (October/December 1921)
• R11: Table of a Rúmilian Mode (January 1922)
• R12: Table of the “Valinorian” Alphabet
• R13: Table of the “Alphabet of Rúmil”
• R14: Table of a Rúmilian Mode
• R15: Qenya Grammar Excerpt
• R16: Table of the “New Upright Style” of the Rúmilian Alphabet
• R17: Description of the “Alphabet of Rúmil”
• R18: Table of a Rúmilian Mode
• R19: Incomplete Table of Rúmilian Letters with Rúmilian Doodles (Tolkien A33/1 fol. 87v/r)
• R20: Sample Texts in Middle and Modern English
• R21: Gnomish Usage Fragment (Tolkien E16/45 fol. 30v)
• R22: “The Walrus and the Carpenter” (Excerpt) and “Our Father”
• R23: Tolkien’s Name in Rúmilian and Mirrored Rúmilian
• R24: Rúmilian Letters in a Discussion of Fëanorian
• R25: Rúmilian Doodles
• R26: Fëanorian Use of Rúmilian [ʒ] (Excerpt from Quendi and Eldar, Appendix D)

In Parma Eldalamberon 15

• RV1: Addendum to the Alphabet of Rúmil and the Valmaric Script

In The History of The Hobbit

• (DTS 87) A list of number signs used by the Dwarves are described as “the numerals of the older or First Elvish Alphabet [...] (Rúmilian)”. It can be argued that these are in fact Tengwar numerals that are Rúmilian in origin, just as the numerals of the Latin script are Indo-Arabic in origin; but I include it here for the sake of completeness.

Elsewhere

Aside from these, there are two more known specimina of the Sarati:

• Arden Smith mentions a specimen that was discovered too late to incorporate in the text of Parma Eldalamberon 13. It consists of two sarati that both have the value k in the “Late Form” and the “Phonetic Form”, respectively. [Parma Eldalamberon vol. 13 p.6, footnote 6]
• Tolkien used the Sarati in his diary from 1919 onwards. This has not been published.

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